Which elements are required to prove battery?

• A. Intention or recklessness; causes another to apprehend personal violence; unlawful
• B. Verbal complaint only
• C. Economic loss
• D. Implied consent

Answer: (A)

The key idea is that battery is proven by showing two things: the defendant acted with a certain mental state (intention or recklessness) and they unlawfully applied force to another person. The force doesn’t have to cause injury; even offensive or unwanted contact can meet the standard if it’s unlawful and intentional or reckless. That combination—the conscious or reckless decision to push or touch unlawfully, and the actual contact—is what makes it battery.

Verbal complaints by themselves aren’t enough because there’s no contact. Economic loss isn’t relevant to establishing battery at all. Implied consent can defeat liability, but it’s a defense, not part of the elements you must prove.